ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ
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namealternativenameprimaryvaluesubcategorycategorytypehighlightmetric_001searchtermnotesnoteslonglinksourcemainlinkstudy1study2study3ID
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foodalternative nameevidenceconditioncondition typesubstanceone to watchpopularitysearch termnoteslong notessource namesmain study source linkCochrane systematic reviewother international review board or metastudyindividual studyID
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0 = harmful
1 = no evidence
2 = slight
3 = conflicting/moderate
4 = promising
5 = good
6 = strong
our score (the higher the better)appears inside the bubblethe type of conditionwhat type of substance is this?few studies / trials but positive potentialGoogle hits (used to scale the bubbles)used to generate Google hits figureappears in bubble on mouseoverLinked to from bubbles. Calculated from next 3 cols. Prioritises Cochrane, then metastudies, then individual studies
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açaí berry1weight controlgeneral healthfruit4,530,000açaí berry weight lossNo definitive scientific evidence that acai berries have any effect on weight loss.Acai berries are widely marketed for weight loss despite no definitive scientific evidence.National Institute of Healthhttp://nccam.nih.gov/health/acaihttp://nccam.nih.gov/health/acai1
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allium vegetablesincludes garlic, onions, leeks, chives, shallots etc.4stomach cancer preventioncancervegetableOTW3,090,000garlic onions stomach cancerGarlic, onions, leeks, chives, shallots etc are likely to reduce gastric cancer risk. High allium vegetable consumption is likely to reduce gastric cancer risk. This evidence is derived mainly from case–control studies. Further data from large cohorts are desirable for conclusive confirmation.Molecular Nutrition and Food Researchhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.201400496https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.2014004962
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almonds2cholesterol, cardiovascular disease cardionut / seed13,100,000almonds cholesterolLack of evidence for prevention or mitigation.Currently there is a lack of evidence for the effects of nut consumption on CVD clinical events in primary prevention and very limited evidence for the effects on CVD risk factors. No conclusions can be drawn and further high quality longer term and adequately powered trials are needed to answer the review question.Nutrients; The Journal of Nutritionhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011583.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=almond%7Calmonds&cookiesEnabledhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/4/468https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/8/1517/45846543
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amla berryaamla berry, Indian gooseberry, Phyllanthus emblica2oxidative stress in people with kidney failuregeneral health, urinaryfruit1,530,000amla berry kidneyOne small study suggests that Amla berry might increase plasma antioxidant power and decrease oxidative stress in people with kidney failure.Data from one small study suggest that Amla supplementation may increase plasma antioxidant power and decrease oxidative stress in uremic patients. However, Amla extract did not influence hepatic or renal function, or diabetic and atherogenic indices in uremic patients.The American Journal of Chinese Medicinehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222108https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/192221084
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apple cider vinegar3weight control, diabetesweight control, diabetesplant extractOTW16,500,000apple cider vinegar diabetesVinegar can be effective in reducing glucose and insulin levels after eating.Findings suggest that vinegar can be effective in reducing postprandial glucose and insulin levels, indicating it could be considered as an adjunctive tool for improving glycemic control. It would be worthwhile to carry out large carefully planned trials to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of vinegar as an adjunct treatment modality.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice; International Journal of Diabetes Research; Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine; European Journal of Clinical Nutritionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822716308518https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822716308518
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2156587217753004
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sapha_Mosawy/publication/313099915_The_Potential_of_Apple_Cider_Vinegar_in_the_Management_of_Type_2_Diabetes/links/58901109aca272bc14bc6b45/The-Potential-of-Apple-Cider-Vinegar-in-the-Management-of-Type-2-Diabetes.pdf
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2015/175204/abs/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015276
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apples2many conditionsgeneral healthfruit42,300,000apples health benefitsLimited evidence in human studies, but apples may reduce blood pressure and blood lipids.There is very limited evidence available from human studies. Preliminary findings show that polyphenols present in apples may potentially have a positive influence on blood lipid parameters and blood pressure in humans. However, firm conclusions cannot be made based on the limited studies available. Further research is needed to evaluate the full potential of polyphenols and their effect on human health.Nutrition Bulletinhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2010.01822.xhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2010.01822.x6
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barley4cholesterolcardiograin / pulse11,000,000barley cholesterolBarley has a lowering effect on some cholesterols.Pooled analyses show that barley β-glucan has a lowering effect on LDL-C and non-HDL-C. Inclusion of barley-containing foods may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD risk reduction.European Journal of Clinical Nutritionhttps://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn201689?draft=journalhttps://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn201689?draft=journal7
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beetroot4blood pressurecardiovegetableOTW2,860,000beetroot blood pressureA safe and cost-effective nutritional approach for managing high blood pressure.In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms previous findings and contributes important new evidence that indicates the hypotensive properties of beetroot to be a potentially safe and cost-effective nutritional approach for managing hypertension and preventing undesirable cardiovascular outcomes. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations with the use of a standardized beetroot supplement for NO3 content and other bioactive compounds are required.Advances in Nutrition; Journal of Hypertension; Moleculeshttps://academic.oup.com/advances/article/8/6/830/4772205https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/8/6/830/4772205
https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/Abstract/2017/07000/Medium_term_effects_of_dietary_nitrate.4.aspx
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/8/4/134/htm
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beetroot juiceNitrate6exercise endurancecardioplant extract2,580,000beetroot juice performanceSeveral good quality studies found that dietary nitrate (found in beetroot) enhances exercise performance, particularly over 2-15 days, if taken 2-3 hours before exercise.Several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses conclude that dietary nitrate (found in beetroot) supplementation enhances exercise performance, particularly through lowering oxygen cost and increasing endurance. This effect was observed after either a single bolus (2-3 h prior to exercise) or a long-term (2-15 days) supplementation. The ergogenic effects of beetroot supplementation appear to be dose-dependent and are most often observed after long-term ingestion (approximately 6 days), at high exercise intensities and in less fit individuals.European Journal of Applied Physiology; Sports Medicine; Nutrients; Nitric Oxidehttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/43
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1089860316300015
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-015-3296-49
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black tea1cancer preventioncancerplant / herb151,000,000black tea cancerReviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk.Reviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk.Nutrition and Cancerhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBchttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc10
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blackcurrants2cancergeneral health, ageingfruit659,000blackcurrants cancerLimited evidence that anthocyanins, found in blackcurrents, can allow terminal cancer patients to live longer. But the mechanism is largely unexplained.Limited evidence from clinical data indicates that the use of anthocyanins [as found in blackcurrants] can improve life qualityand might provide a survival advantage in terminal care for cancer patients. However, the availability and stability of anthocyanins in the human body is problematic, and the mechanisms of action remain largely unexplained. Further rigorous scientific investigation and more clinical proof are required.British Journal of Pharmacology; Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safetyhttps://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.13627https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.13627
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12024
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blueberries4chronic disease / general healthgeneral healthfruitOTW9,780,000blueberries healthCan help prevent and cure chronic inflammatory diseases.The consumption of blueberries is a supplementary function to prevent and cure chronic inflammatory diseases, providing an admirable medical therapy support in order to reduce degenerative damage. However, further studies conducted on larger populations are strongly recommended.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition; The Natural Products Journal; Journal of Functional Foods; USDA; Innovation in Aginghttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2018.1518895https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2018.1518895
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/npj/2018/00000008/00000001/art00007
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464617305613
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=327812
https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/1/suppl_1/1362/3902263
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buckwheat2type II diabetesdiabetesgrain / pulse1,810,000buckwheat diabetesSmall studies found that buckwheat has beneficial effects on some, but not all, type II diabetes markers.Small studies found that buckwheat intake has beneficial effects on some (but not all) markers of diabetes type II. Nutrition Research; Metabolismhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049513000371https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049513000371
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027153171630673X
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camu camumyrciaria dubia, camucamu, cacari, camocamo1oxidative stressgeneral health, cancerfruit64,100camu camu oxidative stressOnly two small human studies to date. One showed benefits for smokers. The other showed no change for non-smokers.There have only been two human studies to date, both very small (20 and 12 subjects). One study examined the effect of camu camu on the oxidative stress of smokers, with positive results. The other studied its effect in healthy non-smokers, and reported no change. Thus, there is some very slight evidence that camu camu might be beneficial to those in situations with increased oxidative challenge, such as smoking, physical activity, and after consumption of food. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicinehttps://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/acm.2014.0130https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/acm.2014.013014
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cherries3many conditionsgeneral healthfruit9,970,000cherries health benefitsReasonably strong evidence for reducing inflamation, blood pressure and muscle soreness after exercise. Limited evidence for arthritis, diabetes, blood lipids, sleep, cognitive functions.Evidence from published reports is reasonably strong to indicate that consumption of cherries decreased markers for oxidative stress, inflammation, exercise-induced muscle soreness and loss of strength, and blood pressure acutely after ingesting cherries. Limited numbers of published reports also indicate beneficial effects of consuming cherries on arthritis, diabetes, blood lipids, sleep, cognitive functions, and possibly mood. Many of these studies used amounts (45–270 cherries/day) that might be considered to be a high dose. Because of the finite number of studies and some inconsistencies among the results, additional studies are needed to support these claims. Nutrientshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872786/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872786/15
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chia seedsSalvia hispanica1cardio risk factors, weight lossweight control, cardionut / seed12,700,000chia seeds heartNo statistically significant results in the available studies on cardio risk factors.Most of the available studies did not demonstrate statistically significant results in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors. The evidence is insufficient and there are multiple limitations to the studies available. Nutricion Hospitalariahttps://www.redalyc.org/html/3092/309243320006/https://www.redalyc.org/html/3092/309243320006/16
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chocolate, dark4cardiovascular diseasecardiograin / pulse25,600,000dark chocolate heart diseaseGood evidence that chocolate and cocoa products cause a healthy, small short-term lowering of blood pressure.This review provides moderate‐quality evidence that flavanol‐rich chocolate and cocoa products cause a small (2 mmHg) blood pressure‐lowering effect in mainly healthy adults in the short term. Long‐term trials investigating the effect of cocoa on clinical outcomes are also needed to assess whether cocoa has an effect on cardiovascular events and to assess potential adverse effects associated with chronic ingestion of cocoa products.

Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=dark%7Cwithdrawn%7Cchocol%7Cchocolat%7Cchocolatehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=dark%7Cwithdrawn%7Cchocol%7Cchocolat%7Cchocolate17
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cinnamon 1diabetesdiabetesherb / spice23,300,000cinnamon diabetesCinnamon is no more effective than a placebo in reducing glucose levels. More high-quality studies are needed.The review authors found cinnamon to be no more effective than placebo, another active medication or no treatment in reducing glucose levels and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a long‐term measurement of glucose control. Many of the trials conducted were of poor quality. High quality studies are needed. Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Ccinnamonhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Ccinnamon18
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citrus fruits4cancer preventioncancerfruit9,730,000citrus fruits cancerPeople who eat lots of citrus fruits have a reduced risk of cancer - particularly of the digestive tract and larynx.A reduced risk of cancers, particularly of the digestive tract and larynx, was found for high consumption of citrus fruit.Epidemiology; British Journal of Nutritionhttps://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/1029/3039477https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/1029/3039477
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/fruit-and-vegetables-and-cancer-risk-a-review-of-southern-european-studies/3F4EB5E5F7594EBFB9B7189467CC4C33
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coconut oilCocos nucifera3weight controlweight controlplant extract74,300,000coconut oil weight lossReplacing other cooking oils with coconut oil could lead to modest weight loss. But better studies needed.Replacement of long chain triglycerides with medium-chain triglycerides (MTCs) [as found in coconut oil] in the diet could potentially induce modest reductions in body weight and composition without adversely affecting lipid profiles. However, further research is required by independent research groups using large, well-designed studies to confirm the efficacy of MCT and to determine the dosage needed for the management of a healthy body weight and composition.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dieteticshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212267214015913https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221226721401591320
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coffee6many conditionsgeneral healthgrain / pulse261,000,000coffee health benefitsA review of 218 studies found coffee reduced cardiovascular, cancer and general mortality. Improved type 2 diabetes, gallstones, gout, & several liver conditions. Also seems to reduce symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, depression, and Alzheimer’s. Go get a hit!An umbrella review of 218 meta-analyses concluded: The benefit associated with coffee consumption was supported by significant associations with lower risk for the generic outcomes of all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and total cancer. Consumption was associated with a lower risk of specific cancers, including prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, and liver cancer. Consumption also had beneficial associations with metabolic conditions including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, gallstones, gout, and renal stones and for liver conditions including hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, cirrhosis mortality, and chronic liver disease combined. The beneficial associations between consumption and liver conditions stand out as consistently having the highest magnitude compared with other outcomes across exposure categories. Finally, there seems to be beneficial associations between coffee consumption and Parkinson’s disease, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Overall, there is no consistent evidence of harmful associations between coffee consumption and health outcomes, except for those related to pregnancy and for risk of fracture in women.British Medical Journalhttps://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdfhttps://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdf
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941
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coffee4asthmageneral healthgrain / pulse29,500,000coffee asthmaAppears to modestly improve breathing, for up to four hours, in people with asthma. Some trials used caffeine pills rather than coffee.Caffeine appears to improve airways function modestly, for up to four hours, in people with asthma. Some trials used caffeine pills rather than coffee.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2/abstract22
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coffeecaffeine3Alzheimer's, dementiamental healthgrain / pulse48,500,000coffee dementiaIn several large studies, coffee, tea and caffeine use have shown a protective effect against late-life cognitive decline.Several cross-sectional and longitudinal population-based studies suggested a protective effect of coffee, tea, and caffeine use against late-life cognitive impairment/decline, although the association was not found in all cognitive domains investigated and there was a lack of a distinct dose-response association, with a stronger effect among women than men. Furthermore, for dementia and AD prevention, some studies with baseline examination in midlife pointed to a lack of association, although other case-control and longitudinal population-based studies with briefer follow-up periods supported favourable effects of coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption against AD.The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging; Archives of Medical Science; Nutritionhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12603-014-0563-8https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12603-014-0563-8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420628/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900715005389
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coffee4depressionmental health, womengrain / pulse123,000,000coffee depressionCoffee and caffeine are associated with a decreased risk of depression.Coffee and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with decreased risk of depression in a meta-review of human observation studies (~370,000 subjects in total).Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry; Molecular Nutrition and Food Researchhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004867415603131https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004867415603131
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.201500620
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cordyceps sinensisophiocordyceps sinensis, caterpillar fungus, yartsa gunbu, yatsa gunbu, Dōng chóng xià cǎo, bailing3kidney healthurinaryfungusOTW200,000cordyceps sinensis kidneyCordyceps mushrooms, taken alongside conventional medicine, shows potential promise in improving kidney health. More high-quality research is needed.Cordyceps preparation, as an adjuvant therapy to conventional medicine, showed potential promise to decrease serum creatinine, increase creatine clearance, reduce proteinuria and alleviate CKD‐associated complications, such as increased haemoglobin and serum albumin. However, definitive conclusions could not be made because of the low quality of evidence.Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008353.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sinensi%7Cwithdrawn%7Csinensis%7Ccordycep%7Ccordycepshttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008353.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sinensi%7Cwithdrawn%7Csinensis%7Ccordycep%7Ccordyceps25
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cranberry productscranberry juice, cranberries1urinary tract infectionsurinary, womenplant / herb880,000cranberry urinary tract infectionsThere is no statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. There is no statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infectionshttp://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections26
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cruciferous vegetables5cancer prevention, mortalitycancervegetable1,930,000cruciferous vegetables cancerCauliflower, cabbage, cress, broccoli, sprouts and similar vegetables may protect against numerous cancer types and reduce cancer mortalityCruciferous vegetables may protect against numerous cancer types and reduce cancer mortality. A review of primary studies and meta‐analyses indicates that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables probably reduces the risk of colorectal and gastric cancers by approximately 8% and 19%, respectively. Another review (11,497 subjects) found a 19% reduced lung cancer risk with intakes of up to 100g of cruciferous vegetables per day. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition; BMJ; Nutrition and Cancer; Molecular Nutrition and Food Research; Annals of Oncologyhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/2/e014530?int_source=trendmd&int_medium=trendmd&int_campaign=trendmdhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/2/e014530?int_source=trendmd&int_medium=trendmd&int_campaign=trendmd
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mnfr.201701000
https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/27/1/81/2196208
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09637486.2018.1439901
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2018.1464346
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dandeliondandelion soup2tonsillitisinfectionsplant / herb338,000dandelion tonsillitisMight have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. Dandelion might have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. Evidence-Based Health Carehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract28
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eggshen's eggs, chicken's eggs0cardio risk factors in diabetesdiabetes, cardioanimal product132,000,000eggs diabetesEating eggs may may increase incidence of type II diabetes among the general population and worsen symptoms of diabetic patients. Egg consumption may be associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes among the general population and CVD comorbidity among diabetic patients.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; The Journal of Nutrition; European Journal of Epidemiologyhttps://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/98/1/146/4578315https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/98/1/146/4578315
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/6/1174/4630426
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y
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eggshen's eggs, chicken's eggs2eye healthgeneral healthanimal product102,000,000eggs eye healthIncreasing evidence suggests eggs and enhanced egg products may protect eye health.Increasing evidence suggests a beneficial effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Daily consumption of lutein or zeaxanthin enriched egg yolks as well as an egg yolk-based beverage show increases in serum lutein and zeaxanthin levels that are comparable with a daily use of 5 mg supplements.Plos One; Journal of Nutritionhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092659https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092659
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00568094/full
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eggshen's eggs, chicken's eggs4appetiteweight controlanimal product29,300,000eggs appetiteEating eggs keeps you fuller for longer, reducing appetite through the day. They might also regulate blood glucose and insulin in the body. Eating eggs, particularly for breakfast, may keep you feeling fuller for longer – reducing feelings of hunger over the next 4-36 hours – and may also reduce food intake and regulate blood glucose and insulin levels. Nutrition Researchhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/508/CN-00750508/frame.htmlhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/508/CN-00750508/frame.html31
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elderberry3oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, diabetescardio, diabetes, general healthfruit2,280,000elderberry health benefitsElderberries may have a significant protective effect against various chronic diseases, but there are some issues with side effects and safety.Elderberries can greatly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress, exerting beneficial effects on blood pressure, glycaemia reduction, immune system stimulation, antitumour potential, increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma, including also glutathione, and the reduction of uric acid levels. However, possible side effects and contraindications to elderberry consumption are found and elderberry component stability and application in complex systems needs research.Journal of Functional Foodshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464614002400https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175646461400240032
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elderberry1fluinfectionsfruit1,740,000elderberry fluTwo exploratory human studies suggest elderberry extract might be useful in treating flu symptoms. Several in vitro studies together with two exploratory studies in humans and one open study in chimpanzees indicate that the aqueous elderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. These promising effects of elderberry fruit preparations from experimental and clinical studies should be backed by more rigorous studies before these preparations are recommended in the prevention of diseases and in treatment schedules. Phytotherapy Researchhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1954829033
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fennel1PMSwomenvegetable928,000fennel period painThere is no consistent evidence that fennel helps with period pain, and safety studies are lacking. There is no consistent evidence for fennel as a treatment for dysmenorrhoea, and studies on safety effects of dietary supplementation for PMS are lacking. Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cfennelhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cfennel34
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fermented kimchi2body weight, metabolic parametersweight control, cardiomicrobe3,230,000kimchi weight lossA small trial found fermented kimchi improved metabolic syndrome. Not the case with non-fermented kimchi. Kimchi is a Korean fermented vegetable condiment. A small trial of 22 overweight and obese patients found the ingestion of fermented kimchi had positive effects on various factors associated with metabolic syndrome, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, percent body fat, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol, compared with the fresh kimchi. These results suggest that the maturity of kimchi (fresh vs fermented) may affect obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory processes.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/781/CN-00810781/frame.htmlhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/781/CN-00810781/frame.html35
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fibre3cardiovascular diseasecardioplant/herbOTW22,500,000fibre heart diseaseFibre appears to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol, but studies are at high risk of bias. More trials are needed.The pooled analyses for CVD risk factors suggest reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol with increased fibre intake, and reductions in diastolic blood pressure...Risk of bias was unclear in the majority of studies and high for some quality domains so results need to be interpreted cautiously. There is a need for longer term, well-conducted RCTsCochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD011472/VASC_dietary-fibre-prevent-cardiovascular-diseasehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD011472/VASC_dietary-fibre-prevent-cardiovascular-disease36
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fish oil / omega 32colorectal cancercancercompound47,600,000fish oil omega 3 colorectal cancerIt is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.It is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer and is effective in its treatment. Gut: British Society of Gastroenterologyhttp://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3Dhttp://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3Dhttp://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3D37
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fish oil / omega 33cardiovascular diseasecardiocompound233,000,000fish oil omega 3 heart diseaseConflicting results from studies, especially clinical trials.Two large (10,000+) open-label trials found that 1g or more of omega-3 fatty acids per day gave significant protection against coronary events. However, subsequent placebo-controlled trials did not. The authors conclude that, overall, the hypothesis that omega-3 supplements protect the heart in various ways is plausible & supported by numerous studies, but more research is needed. Cochrane; New England Journal of Medicine; JAMA Cardiologyhttp://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovashttp://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovashttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2670752http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205409; https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1811403; http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/dec23_2/a293138
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fish oil / omega 31asthmageneral healthanimal product15,300,000fish oil asthmaPopulations with diets high in fish also have low rates of asthma, but there is no evidence that fish oil actually causes those low rates.Eating more fish has been recommended as one way of possibly reducing asthma. Populations with diets high in fish also have low rates of asthma. As diets in other communities have become higher in saturated fats, asthma has also increased. The theory has been that an ingredient in fish oil may reduce inflammation. Inflammation causes the swelling in the airways of the lungs that leads to asthma attacks. However, this review of trials found that people with asthma changing their diets to include more fish oil did not improve their asthma.Cochranehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract39
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fish oil / omega 31dementia preventionmental healthanimal product9,140,000fish oil dementiaNo benefit on cognitive function in healthy older people. The results of the available studies show no benefit for cognitive function with omega‐3 PUFA supplementation among cognitively healthy older people.Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005379.pub3/abstracthttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005379.pub3/abstract40
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fish oil / omega 32child intelligencemental health, childrencompound31,900,000fish oil omega 3 child intelligenceVery minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance.Fish oil supplementation has a very minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance.Cochrane; Research in Developmental Disabilitieshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017105541
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flax seeds4menopausal hot flusheswomennut / seedOTW285,000flax seeds hot flashesHelpful for reducing menopausal hot flushes.A systematic review of 5 studies concluded that flax seed products decreases both the frequency and severity of hot flashes in menopausal women. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine; Journal of Medicinal Foodhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4930534/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4930534/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jmf.2011.022842
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flaxseed5cardiovascular disease, blood pressurecardionut / seed3,000,000flaxseed blood pressureFlaxseed supplementation reduces blood pressure. Meta-analysis of RCTs showed significant reductions in both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure following supplementation with various flaxseed products.Clinical Nutrition; The Journal of Nutritionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561415001442https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561415001442
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/145/4/758/4644337
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flaxseed3constipationdigestionnut / seedOTW1,840,000flax seed constipationSmall studies show daily flaxseed intake to be an effective treatment for constipation, with no adverse effects. There have been no large trials or metastudies yet though.Small individual studies have shown daily flaxseed intake to be an effective treatment for constipation, with no adverse effects. However, we found no large trials or metastudies. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051227614001411https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051227614001411
https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-018-0273-z
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flaxseed4breast cancerwomennut / seed1,050,000flaxseed breast cancerAssociated with a lower risk of breast cancer, and can help those with breast cancer live longer. Current evidence suggests that flax may be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Flax demonstrates antiproliferative effects in breast tissue of women at risk of breast cancer and may protect against primary breast cancer. Mortality risk may also be reduced among those living with breast cancer.Integrative Cancer Therapies; Frontiershttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1534735413502076https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1534735413502076
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00004/full
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fruit + veg, all types5cancer preventioncancerfruit57,100,000fruit vegetables cancerEating fruit and veg reduces cancer risk overall, with certain types having a bigger impact on specific cancers.One review of 95 studies found that on average, there was a 3-4% reduction in the relative risk of cancer for each 200g/day increment in intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit and veg combined. 800g/per is the optimal intake. While general fruit and vegetable intake was only weakly associated with overall cancer risk, particularly cancer incidence, specific fruits and vegetables may be more strongly related to specific cancers, especially cruciferous vegetables and green-yellow vegetables. Another review (10,000 cancer cases and 17,000 controls) suggested a protective role of fruit and vegetable intake on several common cancers, with stronger effects for vegetables than for fruit. Epidemiology; British Journal of Nutritionhttps://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/1029/3039477https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/1029/3039477
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/fruit-and-vegetables-and-cancer-risk-a-review-of-southern-european-studies/3F4EB5E5F7594EBFB9B7189467CC4C33
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garlic3blood pressure, cholesterolcardiovegetableOTW26,300,000garlic blood pressureTaking garlic supplements short-term may lower blood pressure and cholesterol. Trials on long-term effects are needed.Garlic supplements have the potential to lower blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, to regulate slightly elevated cholesterol concentrations, and to stimulate the immune system. Garlic supplements are highly tolerated and may be considered as a complementary treatment option for hypertension, slightly elevated cholesterol, and stimulation of immunity. Future long-term trials are needed to elucidate the effect of garlic on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.The Journal of Nutrition; Phytomedicinehttps://academic.oup.com/jn/article/146/2/389S/4584698https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/146/2/389S/4584698
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711315003359
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garlic aged garlic extract3cancer treatmentcancervegetable41,800,000garlic cancerPeople who eat aged garlic have lower incidence of cancer, but there isn't enough evidence to prove a connection yet. Although there were inconsistent evidence from human studies, results of the animal and laboratory results were mostly consistent. The overall findings may suggest that intakes of aged garlic are inversely associated with cancer. Overall, the current findings are not sufficient to assess the effects of aged garlic on cancer. However, due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer. More clinical trials and prospective cohort human studies with adequate sample size are necessary.International Journal of Preventative Medicinehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/48
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garlic 2cancer preventioncancerplant / herbOTW8,080,000garlic cancer preventionMight prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. Garlic might prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. National Cancer Institutehttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-preventionhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention49
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garlic 1coldsinfectionsplant / herb3,370,000garlic coldsInsufficient clinical trial evidence on the effects of garlic on the common cold. There is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccoldhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold50
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ginger6morning sicknesswomenherb / spice4,130,000ginger morning sicknessVery effective for reducing nausea.Numerous studies of ginger compared with placebo found ginger to be superior in reducing nausea within a few days. The effect is comparable with several other herbal and conventional treatments.Cochrane; The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicinehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4/fullhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4/fullhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14767058.2017.134496551
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goji berry wolfberry2eye healthgeneral healthfruit2,550,000goji berry eye healthGoji berry improved markers of eye health in a small study, but the mechanism isn't clear. Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is purported to benefit vision because of its high antioxidant (especially zeaxanthin) content, although this effect has not been demonstrated in high-quality human studies. A small study (150 subjects) found supplementation with goji berry for 90 days increases plasma zeaxanthin and antioxidant levels as well as protects from hypopigmentation and soft drusen accumulation in the macula of elderly subjects. However, the mechanism of action is unclear, given the lack of relationship between change in plasma zeaxanthin and change in macular characteristics. The British Journal of Nutritionhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1570523452
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grapefruit2weight loss, cardiovascular healthweight control, cardiofruit17,200,000grapefruit weight lossSome evidence that grapefruit decreases blood pressure, but doesn't appear to help with weight loss. A review of 3 randomized clinical trials looking into body weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile in overweight and obese subjects concluded that grapefruit made no difference to bodyweight, but appeared to decrease systolic blood pressure. However, paucity in the number of RCTs, short durations of interventions, and lack of an established minimum effective dose limit the conclusions that can be drawn about the effects of grapefruit on body weight and metabolic parameters. Further clinical trials evaluating the effects of grapefruit are warranted.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritionhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2014.901292https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2014.90129253
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grapes5cardiovascular diseasecardiofruit11,700,000grapes heart diseaseGrapes protect against numerous cardio risk factors.Human clinical data support cardioprotective benefits of grapes through inhibition of platelet aggregation, decreased low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, reduction in oxidative stress and improvements in endothelial function. Emerging evidence suggests that grapes may also have a favorable effect on blood lipids, decrease inflammation and reduce blood pressure in certain populations. Studies to date have shown that berries can have a beneficial effect on reducing LDL oxidation. Limited data suggest that berries may have a favorable effect on endothelial health and blood pressure. Collectively, these data support the recommendation to incorporate products made with grapes and other berries into a heart‐healthy diet.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculturehttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.6890https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.689054
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green coffee beanschlorogenic acid2blood pressurecardiograin / pulse11,000,000green coffee beans blood pressureIntake of chologenic acid (CGA) from green coffee beans reduces blood pressure, but trials were funded by CGA manufacturers. Independent research is needed.In conclusion, the evidence from published RCTs suggests that chlorogenic acid (CGA) intake causes statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The size of the effect is moderate. Few clinical trials have been conducted; they vary in design and methodology and are confined to Asian populations and funded by CGA manufacturers. Large independent trials evaluating the effects of CGA on blood pressure are warranted.Journal of Human Hypertensionhttps://www.nature.com/articles/jhh201446https://www.nature.com/articles/jhh20144655
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green tea3cancer preventioncancerplant / herb25,800,000green tea cancer preventionEvidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. The evidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.htmlhttp://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html56
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green tea2cholesterolcardioplant / herb50,000,000green tea cholesterolDrinking green tea might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. Drinking green tea might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-diseasehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease57
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hemp seeds3cardiovascular diseasecardionut / seed2,770,000hemp seed cardiovascularHemp may be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, as long as the dosage is correct.In conclusion, the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids and their esters [inc. hemp] have been previously documented in terms of both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular system disorders. It has to be highlighted, however, that the achievement of optimal performance requires an appropriate quantitative composition and the proper proportions of delivered fatty acids.Nutrientshttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1561/htmhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1561/htm58
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honey3coughs in childreninfectionsanimal product35,700,000honey coughHoney is as effective at relieving coughs as some conventional treatments, but less effective than others. Honey probably relieves cough symptoms to a greater extent than no treatment, diphenhydramine, and placebo, but may make little or no difference compared to dextromethorphan. Honey probably reduces cough duration better than placebo and salbutamol. There was no strong evidence for or against using honey. Cochrane; Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicinehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD007094/ARI_honey-acute-cough-childrenhttp://www.cochrane.org/CD007094/ARI_honey-acute-cough-childrenhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2061809859
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kale2cholesterolcardioOTW8,420,000kale cholesterol150ml of kale juice daily for 12 weeks reduced cholesterol, but this was a very small study. A small study found that consuming 150ml of kale juice per day for 12 weeks favorably influenced serum lipid profiles and antioxidant systems, reducing the risks of coronary artery disease in men with high cholesterol. (32 subjects)Biomedical and Environmental Scienceshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895398808600124https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089539880860012460
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kiwifruit2cardiovascular diseasecardio, cancerfruitOTW53,800,000kiwi heartKiwifruits might be beneficial in both preventing and treating cardiovascular disease.The data indicate that kiwifruit contains very potent antiplatelet and anti-ACE components. Consuming kiwifruits might be beneficial as both preventive and therapeutic regime in cardiovascular disease.Platelets; Advances in Food and Nutrition Research; International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutritionhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09537104.2013.852658https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09537104.2013.852658
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123942944000158
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09637480802063517
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kiwifruit5constipationdigestionfruit1,110,000kiwi constipationDaily intake can relieve constipation.Several RCTs suggest that daily intake of kiwi fruit can help in relieving constipation symptoms similarly to psyllium.Dietary Patterns and Whole Plant Foods in Aging and Disease; Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Bali Medical Journalhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13167https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13167https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_5
https://balimedicaljournal.org/index.php/bmj/article/view/847
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kombucha1diabetesdiabetesmicrobe2,670,000kombucha diabetesOne small, very poor quality study suggested blood sugar levels were stablized after three months of drinking kombucha. A small study of 24 non-insulin dependent diabetic adults found that blood sugar levels stablized after drinking kombucha for three months. However, the study was not controlled or randomized. The Indian Practitionerhttp://medind.nic.in/imvw/imvw632.html63
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krill oil1arthritismusculoskeletalanimal product650,000krill oil arthritisMarine oils might have a slight effect on arthritis pain, but the evidence is poor quality. Meta-analysis suggests a small favorable effect of marine oil in reducing pain in patients with arthritis, but the evidence was of low quality. More research is needed in order to provide evidence for firm conclusions regarding the effect of marine oil in OA and other types of arthritis, but also regarding the optimal dose, ratio of EPA and DHA, and which type of marine oil is preferable. Nutrientshttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/42/htmhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/42/htm64
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krill oil2PMSwomenanimal product646,000krill oil period painA small study concluded krill oil significantly reduces the physical and emotional symptoms of PMS. In a study of 70 subjects with PMS, it was found that Neptune Krill Oil can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is shown to be significantly more effective for the complete management of premenstrual symptoms compared to omega-3 fish oil.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1277716265
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lychees1exercise performanceexercise performancefruit688,000lychees workoutsIn two small studies, young athletes felt less fatigued during training. Two small studies suggest lychee derivative supplementation in young athletes shows significant subjective positive effects particularly on the feeling of fatigue during regular track-and-field training, possibly contributing to the maintenance of good conditioning.Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition; Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiologyhttps://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006632543/https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006632543/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22448090
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nattōfermented soybeans3glucose and insulin responsesdiabetesmicrobe904,000fermented soybeans diabetesFemented soy products (e.g. nattō) may reduce risk of type II diabetes, but the mechanism is unclear.Soy products and soy constituents (soy protein and soy isoflavones) may be associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Future studies should focus on the dose-response effect and the mechanism. The evidence does suggest that fermented soy products may be better for preventing or delaying the progression of type 2 diabetes compared with nonfermented soybeans.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice; Nutrition Researchhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822717307490https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822717307490
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531709002450
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nattōfermented soy2bone healthmusculoskeletalmicrobeOTW3,100,000fermented soy milk bone healthNattō (fermented soy milk) may prevent bone loss in post-menopausal women. Preliminary findings show that fermented soymilk may prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. However, further studies with a larger number of subjects per group are required to evaluate trends showing a positive effect on hormones, bone formation and cardiovascular disease risk.Cochrane; Climacterichttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00490150/fullhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00490150/fullhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01063010/full?highlightAbstract=soybean%7Cwithdrawn%7Cbone%7Cfermented%7Cferment68
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nettlesstinging nettle, Urtica dioica3type 2 diabetesdiabetesvegetable659,000nettles diabetesNettle may safely improve blood sugar control in type II diabetic patients needing insulin therapy.Nettle may safely improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients needing insulin therapy.Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine; Clinical Laboratory; Pakistan Journal of Biological Scienceshttps://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22545363https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22545363
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farahnaz_Khalighi-Sigaroodi/publication/258920413_Improved_Glycemic_Control_in_Patients_with_Advanced_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_Taking_Urtica_dioica_Leaf_Extract_A_Randomized_Double-Blind_Placebo-Controlled_Clinical_Trial/links/54def3530cf29666378852d5/Improved-Glycemic-Control-in-Patients-with-Advanced-Type-2-Diabetes-Mellitus-Taking-Urtica-dioica-Leaf-Extract-A-Randomized-Double-Blind-Placebo-Controlled-Clinical-Trial.pdf
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2156587217696929
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nettlesstinging nettle, Urtica dioica3urinary symptomsurinary, menvegetable774,000nettles urinarySome studies show effects on benign prostatic hypertrophy, but others show contradictory or uncertain results. Although earlier reviews suggested stinging nettle extracts may be useful in the treatment of mild to moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy, more recent reviews have noted the contradictory outcomes of individual studies and the fact that other studies suggesting efficacy were done with combination products that included stinging nettle but also several other potentially active ingredients. Toxicities in the
studies have generally been mild.
Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviewshttps://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1216&context=jpcrrhttps://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1216&context=jpcrr70
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oats4cholesterolcardiograin / pulseOTW11,900,000oats cholesterolPromising evidence shows oats lower cholesterol, but longer-term studies are needed.There is a lack of evidence to date from longer‐term studies (> 12 weeks) of the effect of wholegrain oats. The one trial that studied oats exclusively found reductions in total and LDL cholesterol with whole grain oat cereal compared to the control. Oats (and barley) also typically contain soluble non‐starch polysaccharide such as β‐glucan, which has been associated with a cholesterol‐lowering effect of oats. Due to the presence of β‐glucan, it is possible that whole grain oats may have differential effects than other whole grains. There is a need for more studies of longer duration on the effect of whole grain oats on CVD and cardiovascular risk factors. Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Ccholesterol%7Coats%7Coathttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Ccholesterol%7Coats%7Coat71
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olive oil (high polyphenol)6cardiovascular disease cardioplant extract30,900,000
olive oil heart disease
Olive oil, especially the varieties with lots of healthy chemicals (polyphenols), significantly improves cardiovascular risk factors. Compared to low polyphenol olive oil, high polyphenol olive oil significantly improved measures of malondialdehyde, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. High phenolic olive oil should be considered as a nutraceutical in cardiovascular prevention. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition; Phytomedicinehttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711315000926https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711315000926
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711315000926
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peppersbell peppers, sweet peppers2Parkinson's diseasemental healthfruitOTW574,000peppers Parkinson's diseaseVegetables from the solenaceae family, specifically peppers, may protect against Parkinson's.Multiple observational studies show vegetables from the solenaceae family, specifically peppers, have a protective effect, possibly due to their nicotine content. Full clinical trials are warranted. CUNY Academic Workshttps://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=hc_pubshttps://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=hc_pubs73
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pineapple3osteoarthritismusculoskeletalfruit578,000pineapple osteoarthritisResults are mixed. One study recorded a short-term effect, but no long-term effect. Another found significant improvements. Results are mixed. One recent study concluded bromelain (found in pineapple) has no difference in reducing symptoms of mild-to-moderate knee OA after 4 weeks when compared with diclofenac, but did work in the short-term (>4wks). Another found significant improvement in reducing pain in patients treated with oral enzymes and diclofenac sodium combination therapy.Clinical Rheumatology; Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Researchhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10067-016-3363-1https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10067-016-3363-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5535474/
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pomegranate1cardiovascular disease, cholesterolcardiofruitOTW36,400,000pomegranate heartConcentrated pomegranate products lowered cholesterol in two small studies, and pomegranate juice lowered blood pressure in a tiny study (5 people). Very few human studies. One tiny study (5 patients) found positive effects on blood pressure after 3yrs of pomegranate juice consumption. Two small studies (51 and 22 patients) concluded that administration of concentrated pomegranate products over a short period (4 and 8 weeks) lowered cholesterol. Advanced Biomedical Research; Clinical Nutrition; The British Journal of Nutrition; International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007340/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007340/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/fo/c5fo00669d/unauth#!divAbstract
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17048194/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20334708/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15158307/
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prickly pear cactusnopal cactus, Opuntia ficus indica1blood pressure, cholesterolcardiovegetable441,000prickly pear blood pressurePoor quality studies show prickly pear having an effect on body fat, blood pressure, and total cholesterol. Consumption of OFI can cause significant reductions in percentage body fat, blood pressure, and total cholesterol. Few clinical trials evaluating the effects of OFI have been published. They vary in design and methodology, and are characterized by inconsistent quality of reporting. Further clinical trials evaluating the effects of OFI on body composition and metabolic parameters are warranted.Nutritionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900714005152https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089990071400515276
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prickly pear cactusnopal cactus, Opuntia ficus indica, tuna fruit1hangovers, inflammationmen, women, general healthvegetable129,000prickly pear hangoverNo evidence that any treatment for a hangover works.No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to practise abstinence or moderation.British Medical Journalhttps://www.bmj.com/content/331/7531/1515?eaf:https://www.bmj.com/content/331/7531/1515?eaf:77
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probiotics5antibiotic-associated diarrheadigestionother1,420,000probiotics antibiotic diarrheaShort term use can reduce diarrhea caused by antibiotics.Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials including 8672 patients, moderate certainty evidence suggests that probiotics are effective for preventing [diarrhea associated with antibiotic use]...The short-term use of probiotics appears to be safe and effective when used along with antibiotics in patients who are not immunocompromised or severely debilitated.'Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-usehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use78
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prunes5constipationdigestionfruit831,000prunes constipationDaily intake can relieve constipation.Several RCTs suggest that daily intake of prunes (dried plums) can help in relieving constipation symptoms similarly to psyllium.Dietary Patterns and Whole Plant Foods in Aging and Disease; Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Bali Medical Journalhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13167https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13167https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_5
https://balimedicaljournal.org/index.php/bmj/article/view/847
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pu-erh teapu'er tea, black Chinese tea1weight lossweight controlplant extract474,000pu-erh tea weight lossA very small study found that participants lost significantly more weight over 8 weeks when drinking pu-erh tea.A fermented dark Chinese tea with high gallic acid content. Demonstrated to elicit antiobese effects in animals. We could only find one human study. 36 preobese Japanese adults drank powdered barley tea with or without pu-erh tea extract for 12 weeks. After 8 weeks, the pu-erh tea group had lost significantly more weight, reduced their waist circumference and visceral fat. Nutrition Researchhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531711000923https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027153171100092380
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pulses6cholesterol, cardiovascular disease cardiograin / pulse3,280,000pulses cholesterolTwo or three cups of pulses per day significantly lowers cholesterol, and protects against other cardio risk factors.Pulses reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, primarily by altering plasma lipid composition, and several meta-analyses conclude that ∼2/3 cup pulses daily significantly lowers total and LDL cholesterol. Pulses also lower CVD risk by other mechanisms, including increased satiety, thereby reducing food intake and the accumulation of excessive adipose tissue; through improvements in glycemic control; and by reducing blood pressure and inflammation. Overall, available evidence suggests that whole pulse consumption lowers CVD biomarkers and supports a role for pulses as part of a dietary strategy for CVD prevention.

Journal of Functional Foods; Health Benefits of Pulses https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464617301603https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464617301603
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-12763-3_5
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quinoa3many conditionsgeneral healthgrain / pulseOTW62,000,000quinoa healthQuinoa could reduce cardio risk and diabetes risk factors and might even reverse the effects of these diseases. There have been a small number of clinical trials, plus numerous cell culture and animal studies. A 2016 review concludes: Including quinoa in the diet could decrease oxidative stress, improve serum lipid profile, help to control body weight and serum glucose, and decrease cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk factors; quinoa may even prove beneficial in reversing the effects of these diseases. There is a justified need for well-designed clinical trials and increased scientific research in this field.Journal of Nutritional and Food Scienceshttps://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/quinoa-chenopodium-quinoa-willd-from-nutritional-value-to-potential-health-benefits-an-integrative-review-2155-9600-1000497.php?aid=72704https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/quinoa-chenopodium-quinoa-willd-from-nutritional-value-to-potential-health-benefits-an-integrative-review-2155-9600-1000497.php?aid=7270482
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red wine3cardiovascular diseasecardioplant extract50,300,000red wine heart diseaseMounting evidence suggests that ethanol and polyphenols within wine can protect against chronic cardiovascular diseases.Despite a lack of consensus on a specific type of beverage being beneficial to the heart, mounting evidence suggests that ethanol and polyphenols within wine can synergistically confer benefits against chronic cardiovascular diseases, mostly IHD. The polyphenols in red wine can be divided into 2 important groups, flavonoids and nonflavonoids, that together can decrease platelet aggregation, improve fibrinolysis, increase HDL cholesterol, and promote NO release.Circulation; Nutrients; Current Medicinal Chemistryhttps://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030387https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030387
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/1/32
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/pre-prints/content-28521683
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reishi mushroomG. lucidum2cancer treatmentcancerplant/herb601,000reishi mushroom cancerSeems to enhance chemo/radiotherapy effects, but available studies are small. The meta-analysis results showed that patients who had been given G. lucidum alongside with chemo/radiotherapy were more likely to respond positively compared to chemo/radiotherapy alone. G. lucidum treatment alone did not demonstrate the same regression rate as that seen in combined therapy. However, studies reviewed were small and there were some quality concerns. Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatmenthttp://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment84
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sageSalvia officinalis2Alzheimer's, mood, memorymental healthherb / spiceOTW3,670,000sage alzheimer'sSage appears to be safe and effective in enhancing cognitive performance for both healthy patients and those with dementia, but trial quality issues undermine the results. Sage appears to enhance cognitive performance both in healthy subjects and patients with dementia or cognitive impairment and is safe for this indication. Mood-enhancing properties may applications in the treatment of agitation in advanced dementia. There is no report of negative side effects for long-term use. Unfortunately, promising beneficial effects are debased by methodological issues. Further clinical trials of higher quality are needed.CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics; Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicinehttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cns.12270https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cns.12270
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225411016302206
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sageSalvia officinalis1menopausal hot flusheswomenherb / spice3,170,000sage hot flashesSome trials found sage influences hot flushes but they were small and of poor quality, and showed a strong placebo effect. Some trials found that phytoestrogen [found in sage] treatments alleviated the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats when compared with placebo, but many trials were small and were determined to be at high risk of bias. A strong placebo effect was noted in most trials, with a reduction in frequency ranging from 1% to 59% with placebo. No conclusive evidence shows that phytoestrogen supplements effectively reduce the frequency or severity of hot flushes and night sweats in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Calfalfa%7Calfalfhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Calfalfa%7Calfalf86
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seaweedAscophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus4type II diabetesdiabetesalgaOTW2,930,000seaweed diabetesSeaweed has similar effects to known anti-diabetic drugs, and shows huge potential in type II diabetes management. Phenolic and non-phenolic compounds isolated from seaweed have positive impacts on the recognised hallmarks of T2DM such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Generally, these seaweed bioactive compounds’ modes of action are comparably similar to other known anti-diabetic drugs. Therefore, seaweed and seaweed-derived bioactive compounds possess huge potential to be employed in T2DM management either as part of dietary intake or as purified pharmacological agents and supplements.Marine Drugshttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/8/5447/htmhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/8/5447/htm87
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seaweed3weight lossweight controlalga9,040,000seaweed weight lossSeaweed might increase fullness, reduce energy intake and support weight loss, but longer trials are needed for firm conclusions.The majority of studies assessing the short-term effects of alginate consumption indicate that alginate may increase satiety, reduce energy intake and support weight reduction. Mechanisms suggested for these effects include delayed gastric clearance, stimulation of gastric stretch receptorsand attenuated nutrient absorption. Long-term studies in humans are required in order to allow firm conclusions.Food Science and Human Wellness; Obesity Reviewshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453015000439https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453015000439
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01056.x
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soy isoflavonesphytoestrogen5menopausal hot flusheswomenplant extract334,000
soy isoflavones menopause
Helpful for reducing menopausal hot flushes.A review of 62 studies (6653 subjects) reported that individual phytoestrogen interventions such as dietary and supplemental soy isoflavones were associated with improvement in daily hot flashes. Another review of 16 studies (1710 subjects) concluded that soy isoflavones show slight and slow effects in attenuating menopausal hot flashes compared with estradiol. Jama; British Journal of Clinical Pharmacologyhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2529629https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2529629
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bcp.12533
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strawberries2cancercancerfruit21,300,000strawberries cancerFreeze-dried strawberry powder may prevent esophageal cancer. More studies needed.Results of a small trial (75 patients) indicate the potential of freeze-dried strawberry powder for preventing human esophageal cancer, supporting further clinical testing of this natural agent in this setting.Cancer Prevention Researchhttp://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/5/1/41.shorthttp://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/5/1/41.short90
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strawberries2cardiovascular diseasecardiofruit98,000,000
strawberries heart
Strawberries appear to have a slight decreasing effect on total cholesterol.Strawberries appear to have a slight decreasing effect on total cholesterol, but no effect on lipid profiles in healthy, non-obese subjects. Further studies are necessary to establish the clinical significance of paraoxonase suppression and to define a group of healthy subjects who can benefit from strawberry consumption with respect to cholesterol levels.Journal of the American College of Nutritionhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2015.1065523https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2015.106552391
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sweet potato1type 2 diabetesdiabetesvegetable20,600,000sweet potato diabetesInsufficient evidence about the use of sweet potato for type II diabetes.There is insufficient evidence about the use of sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to improvement in trial methodology, issues of standardization and quality control of preparations ‐ including other varieties of sweet potato ‐ need to be addressed. Further observational trials and RCTs evaluating the effects of sweet potato are needed to guide any recommendations in clinical practice.Cochranehttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3/fullhttps://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3/full92
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tomatoes3prostate cancer preventionmen, cancerfruitOTW1,720,000tomatoes prostate cancerA huge review found that those who eat more tomatoes have a lower risk of prostate cancer, but we don't understand the mechanism yet. A review of 30 studies related to tomato consumption and PCa risk were included in a meta-analysis, which summarized data from 24,222 cases and 260,461 participants. The review concluded that increased tomato consumption is inversely associated with prostate cancer risk. Further studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms of these associations.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseaseshttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41391-017-0005-xhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41391-017-0005-x93
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tree nutswalnuts, pistachios, macadamia nuts, pecans, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, Brazil nuts5cholesterolcardio, general healthnut / seed45,100,000nuts cholesterolEating large-ish amounts of any nuts - apart from peanuts - lowers cholesterol.A review of 61 trials concluded that tree nut intake lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB, and triglycerides. The major determinant of cholesterol lowering appears to be nut dose rather than nut type. Tree nuts include walnuts, pistachios, macadamia nuts, pecans, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, and Brazil nuts. American Journal of Clinical Nutritionhttps://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/102/6/1347/4555173https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/102/6/1347/455517394
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turmeric (curcumin)curcuma longa, curcumin (active ingredient)3IBS and other bowel diseasesdigestionherb / spice2,310,000turmeric IBSCurcumin is potentially useful in treating IBS symptoms, but it hasn't been compared to other treatments.Random-effects meta-analysis based on three studies and 326 patients found curcumin to have a beneficial albeit not statistically significant effect on IBS symptoms. With its unique anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and ability to modulate gut microbiota, curcumin is a potentially useful addition to our armamentarium of agents for IBS. However, it has not been compared to standard treatment for IBS.Current Gastroenterology Reports; Journal of Clinical Medicinehttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-019-0670-0https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-019-0670-0
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/7/10/298
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turmeric (curcumin)curcuma longa, curcumin (active ingredient)4many conditionsgeneral health, cancer, diabetes, mental healthherb / spiceOTW54,400,000turmeric healthCurcumin has a long list of protective properties. But very large amounts have to be ingested to get the effects - a problem that researchers are working on.
Extensive cell studies and a smaller number of clinical trials have demonstrated neuroprotective, antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-acidogenic, radioprotective, anti-esophageal, anti-nephrotoxicity, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-angiogeneic, anti-proliferative, anti-immunomodulatory, hepatoprotectivity, antimalarial, anticytotoxicity and anti-diabetic properties. However, clinical applications of curcuminoids are restricted by their poor solubility, low absorption and bioavailability, high metabolism rate, a limitation that can be resolved with various modifications. Overall, it is clear from the studies described that curcuminoids are highly promiscuous and can be used as a novel drug in future.

Tumor Biology; Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology; Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine; Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13277-016-5183-yhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13277-016-5183-y
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/112_2016_3
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225411016300293
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12291-014-0436-296
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wheatgrass juice2many conditionsgeneral healthplant extract1,330,000wheatgrass juice health benefitsMay benefit rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, hematological diseases, diabetes, obesity, and oxidative stress. However, all the trials were small and some were poor quality. Clinical trials show that wheatgrass may induce synergistic benefits to chemotherapy and may attenuate chemotherapy-related side effects, as well as benefit rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, hematological diseases, diabetes, obesity, and oxidative stress. However, all the trials were small and a number of methodological problems arose.Mini-Review in Medicinal Chemistryhttps://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/mrmc/2015/00000015/00000012/art00007https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/mrmc/2015/00000015/00000012/art0000797